GURUKULAM (A Unit of Dr.R R Foundation)

Train to Pakistan is a 1956 historical novel by Indian novelist Khushwant Singh.During  1947, partition of India that created the nations of Pakistan and India, it focuses on the way partition impacted the people on the ground. Focusing on the lives of ordinary citizens as they were torn from their homes, Train to Pakistan brings a human dimension to one of the bloodiest periods in the history of the two countries.  Before the 1947 partition, Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs lived side by side, despite occasional conflict and violence. Partition set such religious and cultural differences in stone and families were forced to abandon their homes, moving to areas that were deemed safe for those of their religious belief. However, the resettlement process itself was filled with danger as extremist elements sought to take advantage of the chaos. These ad hoc evacuations took place on foot, via cart, and on crowded trains. As these refugees attempted to escape the violence, they would so...

  Karma, written by Khushwant Singh, an indian writer, politician and journalist. In his story, we have different perspectives like self-importance, heritage, control, insecurity, shame, identity and acceptance. Narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator the reader realises after reading the story that Singh may be exploring the theme of self-importance. Sir Mohan Lal considers himself to be better than others. Particularly other Indians. It is as though Lal has forgotten or abandoned his heritage and culture in favour of taking on the role of an Englishman. Though Lal has only spent five years in England he has adopted the ways of an Englishman and appears to be somewhat arrogant. Something that is noticeable by Lal’s desire to travel first class away from other Indians including his wife. Who does not appear to have adopted the same traits as her husband. If anything Lady Lal feels comfortable in her surroundings and does not seem to mind the position she finds herself i...

Death Be Not Proud " is included as a sonnet of 'Holy Sonnets: this sonnet the poet sings the glory and immortality of the soul, and the ultimate defeat of death. Demolishing the popular idea of death as a mighty and dreadful power, the poet says that it is not powerful as men think. It is rather a miserable slave, an agent of fate, chance, actions of wicked people, poison, wars, sickness and old age. It induces sleep but there are various other means like opium and drugs which give a better and gentler sleep. So death has no reason to be proud of its power. It can only make people sleep for a temporary period of time, and after sleep in the grave people shall wake up on the day of resurrection and live forever. Then death's jurisdiction comes to an end. Importantly, death does not kill human beings. It is actually death that dies, not the soul. Thus, the immortality of the soul is ensured.                 ...

As we all know that in the present era of transnational migration, the flow of the people among the different countries, convergence of the heterogeneous cultures, creolization of languages and hybridization of identities have broken the concept of fixity or absolute territoriality. Another thing that makes a difference in her work the intersection between the terriorialization and deterritorialization creates the 'third space' or liminality where the ‘cutting edge of translation and negotiation’ occurs. Therefore, the concepts of homeland and identity in this age of global migration form a complex framework. According to the critics like Homi K. Bhabha, Avtar Brah and Stuart Hall, the floating nature of home and fluid identity have replaced the age-old concepts of fixed ‘home’ and identity as well. The idea of ‘home’ evokes the spatial politics of home, the sense of self, its displacement, intimacy, exclusion and inclusion. The flow of the people across different countries bre...

In Thomas Hardy's play, Nature plays an important part. Nature is herself a  character and Hardy's scenes are set in (Wessex) among trees, farms, fields and low Hills. Hardy believed that the past has built up a mass of conditions which remain to influence people's lives and I also thought that blind chance has a very important effect. The best way of life is therefore to accept calmly the blows of luck. His famous novels, spread over the years 1870-96 are mostly pictures of human beings struggling against fate or chance or luck.                      His best and most significant work is Far From The Madding Crowd written in 1874. He explains in this novel a patient love on one side and selfish passion on another side. Gabriel Oak, a gentleman or a shepherd, loves blindly Bathsheba Everdene from the bottom of  heart. He serves her for many years with true heart and mind. Bu...

  GB Shaw was a great dramatist. He wrote 50 plays and his plays are full of wit and humour.  Show was a great critic. He shocked the society of his time by presenting the ideas that were quite opposite of popular belief. Dolly at the dentist is the opening scene of one of his plays " You Never Can Tell."                                       Dolly is a young lady who visits a dentist to have her tooth taken out. The dialogue between the dentist and Dolly are extremely witty and entirely enjoyable. Dolly is a young woman of eighteen. She visits a dentist named Valentine.  The dentist is known as five shillings dentist because he charges five shillings for each thing.  He has set up a clinic and he is a bachelor and has been in his clinic for six weeks.  He has had no patient ...

  The comedy of manners is a genre of comedy that flourished on the English stage during the Restoration period. Plays of this type are typically set in the world of the upper class and ridicule the pretensions of those who consider themselves socially superior deflating them with satire. With witty dialogues and cleverly constructed scenarios, comedies of manners comment on the standards and mores of society and explore the relationships of the genders. Marriage is a frequent subject. Typically, there is little depth of characterization; instead of that ,playwrights used stock character types—the fool, the schemer, the hypocrite, the jealous husband, the interfering old parents—and constructed plots with rapid twists in events, often precipitated by miscommunications among the group. The roots of the comedy of manners can be traced back to Molière's seventeenth-century French comedies and to the “humours” comedy of Ben Jonson; indeed, certain characteristics can be found as far ba...

Twelfth Night, is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601 to 1602 as a Twelfth Night's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian who are separated in a shipwreck. Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion, with plot elements drawn from the short story " Of Apollonius and Silla" by Barnabe Rich, based on a story by Matteo Bandello. The first recorded public performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a Captain. She has lost contact with her tw...

This poem has been written by John Donne when he was going to leave Germany. He addressed his beloved wife who was very sad.  He wants to make understand his wife that he is not going away because he is sick of her nor he is leaving her because he has found a more beautiful beloved than her. He argues that one day he must die.  Separation is is like a brief death so by separations he will teach himself how to die.  He compares his journey to the journey of the Sun. The sun went away the previous night and came back again in the morning but he will come back sooner because his journey is shorter unlike the sun he has incentive to come back he will fly back on the wings of love. "O how feeble is mans power,  That if good fortune fall, Cannot adde another hour, Nor a Lost hour recall. But come bad chance,  And we joine to it our strength,  And we teach it art and length,  It selfie o'r us to advance."          ...

This poem(Separation) has been written by Rabindranath Tagore. He was a remarkable and significant contributor to the emerging history of Indian literature. He had not formal schooling taste even though he gave us a large part of literary work. He had given us unbeatable property as Gitanjali. Here, I am going to explain the poem that has been taken from the Gitanjali. First stanza of the poem,  "Clouds heap upon clouds and it darkens,  Ah,love, why dost thou let me wait outside at the door all alone?"                              The poet starts with the bad situation of weather, he wants to say that clouds are getting darker and darker. The shining ray is rapidly darkening so oh my love, why are you standing me outside at the door. I think it's not comfortable, all alone and impatiently waiting for you.  "In the b...

I think, I am very fortunate to have my birth in the greatest democratic system in the world. Everyone knows that India is the world's biggest democratic country in the world and the people of India are very lucky to play the role for their rights freely. As I know that each man of this country has equal right to play his own feeling in different aspects. I mean, I have a big institution in the world to share own experiences in front of the honorable guardian and members of the big institution. This type of liberty, we got after a long war so that we feel immense lucky.                         As I congratulate those who gave us such type of things in the country. No doubt to say that, we have different land to grow different kinds of crops and vegetables to eat. We have also good institutions to get competent knowledge about the world and also of different cultures and atmospheres. People of the world looking around...

As we know that Shakespeare is one of the best dramatists in the world but especially, I am going to explain his dramatic career. Shakespeare's active dramatic career in London lasted about twenty years and may be divided into three symmetrical periods. The first extends from the year 1587 to 1593-94; the second period from this date to the end of the century; and the third period from 1600 to 1608, soon after which time Shakespeare ceased to write regularly for the stage, was less in London and more and more at Stratford.Some modern critics add to the fourth period, including a few plays which from internal as well as external evidence must have been among the poet's latest productions. As the exact dates of these plays are unknown, this period may be taken to extend from 1608 to 1612. The three dramas produced during these years are, however, hardly entitled to be ranked as a separate period. They may be regarded as supplementary to the grand series of dramas belonging to...

Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1340-1400) was an English poet and renowned author. Widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for his  work The Canterbury Tales . He has been called the " father of English literature ", or, alternatively, the " father of English poetry ".He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called Poets' Corner, in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer. He maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, and member of parliament.Among Chaucer's many other works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women , and Troilus and Criseyde. He is seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of Middle English when the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin. While records concerning the lives of his contemporaries, William Langland and the Pearl Poets are practical...